Tuesday, January 9, 2018

Breastfeeding Milk Supply vs Demand in Tongue Tied Infants


There are some breastfeeding moms who have a TERRIFIC milk supply... I'm talking newborns who at times seem to be drowning in milk the supply is so great, accidental spraying of the infant's face with milk, numerous soaked nursing pads throughout the day, etc. BUT... they also have an infant with a significant tongue tie.

What if anything should be done from a breastfeeding perspective? After all, milk supply is definitely not a problem... or is it???

The breastfeeding concern even with an initial terrific milk supply arises from two facts... the milk supply WILL go down to meet demand... and once the milk supply is gone, it will not come back.

When it comes to a tongue-tied infant, there is legitimate concern that the infant demand for milk is not there because of the tongue-tie... rather the mom is just dumping the milk into the infant mouth and all the baby needs to do is swallow.

As such, at some future point in time if the infant demand for milk does not happen, the mom's milk supply may decrease to a point where the nutritional needs of the growing baby may not be met.


Take a look at the two graphs below.

In 'normal' infant, the infant demand and mom's milk supply meet at a high supply level.

Looking at the above graph, the 'normal' infant milk demand and mom's milk supply meet at an earlier point in time while the milk supply is very good. However, in the tongue-tied infant graph below, the infant milk demand and milk supply meet at a much later point in time when the milk supply has been reduced to a much lower level that may not be enough to provide adequate nutrition.
In tongue-tied infant, the infant demand and milk supply meet a a much lower level.

Even when the transition is made to a bottle for the tongue-tied infant, because they historically had to put so little effort into obtaining milk, the tongue-tied baby may take much longer to 'learn' that with a bottle, they do have to put effort into feeding.  Of course, the parents can manually and continuously inject the milk from a bottle/syringe into the infant mouth, but that would be a less than ideal situation.

So that's why even if the milk supply is very good, treatment for a tongue-tied infant may still be necessary.

On a more positive note, this concern for future feeding difficulty may NOT happen. The potential for feeding problems is a 'risk' and not a foregone conclusion... the infant may compensate and provide adequate demand such that milk supply does not become a problem or the tongue tie albeit present, may not be significant enough to be of concern and treatment may not be recommended.

For moms who do not have as robust a milk supply and suffer from breastfeeding difficulties, releasing a tongue tie may significantly improve the breastfeeding experience.

Generally speaking, the earlier the release is performed, the better the outcomes.


References:
Tongue-tie in the newborn: early diagnosis and division prevents poor breastfeeding outcomes. Breastfeed Rev. 2015 Mar;23(1):11-6.

Infant demand and milk supply: Part 1 and Part 2. J Hum Lact 1995; 11(1):21-37.

Effect of frequent breastfeeding on early milk production and infant weight gain. Pediatrics 1983: 72:307-11.

The frequency of suckling. A neglected but essential ingredient of breast-feeding. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 1987 Sep;14(3):623-33.

Infant appetite-control and the regulation of breast milk supply. Children’s Hospital Quarterly. 1991;3:113–119.


Dr. Chang Article Printed in National Newsletter



Our Voice, a national newsletter published by the National Spasmodic Dysphonia Association, published a 4 page article written by Dr. Chang (Volume 25, Number 1, Pages 8-11; Nov 2015) on the topic of reflux and spasmodic dysphonia.

The article titled 'Living with Spasmodic Dysphonia and Reflux' is the 2nd time Dr. Chang has been featured in this national newsletter.

The first time was in 2009 (Volume 18, Number 2, Page 3) pertaining to research that Dr. Chang performed that was published in ENT Journal May 2009. The research titled 'A Survey of Current Practices of Physicians Who Treat Adductor Spasmodic Dysphonia in the US' was to determine what the common botox dosages used and method of injection for doctors throughout the United States who treat spasmodic dysphonia.

Read more about reflux and spasmodic dysphonia.

Milk and Cookie Disease (Video)




A TEDx talk by Dr. Julie Wei on 'Milk and Cookie Disease' which causes symptoms of chronic stuffy nose, nasal congestion, chronic runny nose, cough, sinus infections, sore throat, recurrent croup, allergies and asthma due to excessive sugar and dairy consumption in otherwise healthy children. Such a diet, especially in the evenings and bedtimes, trigger reflux leading to this wide constellation of ENT symptoms. Read more about this condition here.

Julie L. Wei, MD, is a Pediatric Otolaryngologist (Ear, Nose, Throat surgeon for children) and the Division Chief of Otolaryngology at the Nemours Children’s Hospital, and a Professor of Otolaryngology at University of Central Florida College of Medicine.






ENT Comic Cartoons


Some humorous ENT comic cartoons... Enjoy! Reprinted with permission...

Source: Reynolds Unwrapped

Source: Reynolds Unwrapped


Source: Tundra Comics


Dr. Chang Quoted in Slate.com Article


Dr. Chang was quoted in a Dec 4, 2015 article in Slate.com regarding drooling when sleeping. Although not the 'sexiest' in terms of medical conditions out there, it is a relatively common concern for which patients sometimes seeks medical care for.

The article is titled 'A Wet Awakening' written by journalist Jonathan Fischer.

Check out the article here!



Singer Ed Sheeran Suffers Traumatic Eardrum Rupture


Image from Wikipedia by Eva Rinaldi
Singer Ed Sheeran revealed that he traumatically ruptured his eardrum while vacationing in Spain earlier in 2015. He also revealed he will undergo surgery to fix this problem in early 2016.

During a radio interview, the stated that:
'I have to have an operation in January on my ear because I stupidly jumped off a yacht really high up and smashed it. I landed wrong, and it burst my eardrum so I have to go and get a graft, which means I'm not allowed to fly for a while, so it's kind of good, it means I have to stay at home.' [Link]
What likely happened is he probably hit the water ear first causing sudden pressure to get transmitted to the eardrum. When the eardrum experiences a sudden pressure change, it induces a stretch which if severe enough can cause it to pop like a balloon with too much air.

There are other ways patients can suffer a similar traumatic ruptured eardrum including:

• Getting hand-slapped over the ear
• Hearing a sudden very loud sound without protection (i.e., bomb explosion)
• Deep-water diving
etc

Given Ed stated he will need a 'graft' to repair the ruptured eardrum, the hole must be quite large. Usually small holes in the eardrum can heal on its own without any intervention. However, the larger the hole, the more likely surgery may be required to fix. Watch a video (below) on how a eardrum hole is fixed surgically using a graft.


Symptoms he may be experiencing due to this hole in the eardrum include:

• Pain if water gets into the ear
Hearing loss
Ear drainage
Ear infections

Read more about perforated eardrums and how they can be repaired here.

Source:
Ed Sheeran Burst His Eardrum While Doing THIS & Now He Has To Get Surgery! PerezHilton.com 12/10/15



If Justin Bieber Wears Ear Plugs, You Should Too!


Washington Post 12/14/15 (Jeff Kravitz/FilmMagic)
Saw this picture and related article in the Washington Post depicting Justin Bieber wearing ear plugs to protect his hearing. The point being, audience members should also be wearing ear plugs to protect their hearing as well.

It's not just the elderly who now needs hearing aids, but even younger folks now with all the loud music they are subjecting their ears to.

As the article points out, the ear plugs should be all the way in the ear canal to be truly effective and not stick out as Justin uses it.

Source:
When it’s noisy, even Justin Bieber wears earplugs. Washington Post 12/14/15

Flexible Endoscopic Treatment of Zenker's Diverticulum


Having treated many patients with Zenker's Diverticulum using the endoscopic approach, I've had patients from all over the world contact me to determine whether I can help them or not... some specifically asking if I can perform the flexible endoscopic approach. However, I employ a rigid endoscopic approach rather than using a flexible endoscopic technique.

For those unfamiliar with this disorder, click here for more information. If you just want to skip to the doctors who perform the flexible approach, go to the bottom.

The basic concept of treating this rare disorder is that there is a common wall that divides the esophagus from the diverticulum pouch. This common wall is endoscopically divided such that the pouch now becomes the new back wall of the esophagus. So when the patient swallows, food/liquids can no longer get 'trapped' causing symptoms.

Here is a picture demonstrating the rigid technique to exposing the Zenker's diverticulum that I employ. The pouch is denoted by the arrow.

When looking through an endoscope placed into the mouth down into the throat, there is a common wall that is between the pouch (blue arrow) and esophagus (green arrow).


Endoscopically, whether using a stapler or laser, this wall is divided down the middle. The picture shown below is when a stapler is used.


After the procedure, any food/liquid substances that are swallowed can't be trapped in the pouch. Therefore, even though nothing is surgically removed, the patient's swallowing symptoms completely disappear.


Flexible Approach

When employing a flexible rather than a rigid endoscopic approach, no rigid instruments are used. Rather, an endoscope identical to that employed by a gastroenterologist when performing an EGD (esophagogastroduodenoscopy) is utilized. The flexible technique was first introduced in 1995 in the Netherlands and Brazil. The specific advantage for the flexible over the rigid approach include being able to address Zenker's pouches that can not be visualized using the rigid technique due to anatomy.


The flexible endoscope is threaded through the mouth down to where the common wall is located and division is performed typically by cautery or laser. There are very few doctors who employ this technique, almost all of whom are actually GI and not ENT doctors. The vast majority of research being performed to figure out the best possible flexible approach is being done in Europe and Brazil... not the United States. See references below.

However, there are a few rare North-American based doctors that appear to be investigating (and performing) the flexible rather than rigid approach to treating Zenker's diverticulum, the 2 most prominent doctors being:

UNC-Chapel Hill: Dr. Todd Baron (used to be at Mayo)
Mississippi: Dr. Shou Tang
Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Dr. Chris Teshima

Otherwise, you'll probably have to fly to Europe or Brazil. Why is this flexible approach so rare in the United States? It's because this approach is considered more 'dangerous' with a higher risk of complications.


Non-USA References:
Endoscopic incision of Zenker's diverticula. Endoscopy. 1995 Aug;27(6):433-7. [Brazil]

Flexible endoscopic treatment of Zenker's diverticulum: a new approach. Endoscopy. 1995 Aug;27(6):438-42. [Netherlands]

Zenker's diverticulum: a new endoscopic treatment with a soft diverticuloscope. Gastrointest Endosc. 2003 Jul;58(1):116-20. [Belgium]

Flexible endoscopic Zenker's diverticulotomy: cap-assisted technique vs. diverticuloscope-assisted technique. Endoscopy. 2007 Feb;39(2):146-52. [Italy]

Zenker's diverticulum: a new endoscopic treatment with a soft diverticuloscope. Gastrointest Endosc. 2003 Jul;58(1):116-20. [Belgium]

Endoscopic treatment of Zenker's diverticulum with an oblique-end hood attached to the endoscope. Gastrointest Endosc. 2001 Dec;54(6):760-3. [Brazil]

Endoscopic flexible treatment of Zenker's diverticulum: a modification of the needle-knife technique. Endoscopy. 2010 Jul;42(7):532-5. doi: 10.1055/s-0029-1244163. Epub 2010 Jun 30. [Italy]

New flexible endoscopic controlled stapler technique for the treatment of Zenker's diverticulum. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2015;50(12):1512-5. doi: 10.3109/00365521.2015.1063154. Epub 2015 Jul 3. [Germany]

Flexible endoscopic treatment for Zenker's diverticulum with the SB Knife. Preliminary results from a single-center experience. Dig Endosc. 2015 Nov;27(7):728-33. doi: 10.1111/den.12490. Epub 2015 Jun 26. [Italy]

Endoscopic treatment for Zenker's diverticulum: long-term results (with video). Gastrointest Endosc. 2013 May;77(5):701-7. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2012.12.008. Epub 2013 Feb 5. [Belgium]

Endoscopic treatment of Zenker's diverticulum by harmonic scalpel. Gastrointest Endosc. 2011 Sep;74(3):666-71. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2011.05.007. [Brazil]

Flexible endoscopic septoplasty for bilobed Zenker's diverticulum. Gastrointest Endosc. 2012 May;75(5):1110-1. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2011.05.045. Epub 2011 Aug 6. [Canada]
Zenker's diverticulum: treatment using a flexible endoscope. Endoscopy. 2001 Nov;33(11):991-7. [Netherlands]



USA References:
Flexible endosopic management of Zenker's diverticulum: characteristics and outcomes of 52 cases at a tertiary referral center. Dis Esophagus. 2015 Feb 24. doi: 10.1111/dote.12323. [Mayo Clinic and UNC-Chapel Hill]

Flexible endoscopic Zenker's diverticulotomy: approach that involves thinking outside the box (with videos). Surg Endosc. 2014 Apr;28(4):1355-9. doi: 10.1007/s00464-013-3335-3. Epub 2014 Jan 1. [Jackson, Mississippi]

Transoral flexible endoscopic therapy of Zenker's diverticulum. Dig Surg. 2013;30(4-6):393. doi: 10.1159/000355507. Epub 2013 Oct 29. [Mayo Clinic]

Transoral flexible endoscopic therapy of Zenker's diverticulum: is it time for gastroenterologists to stick their necks out? Gastrointest Endosc. 2013 May;77(5):708-10. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2013.01.019. [Mayo Clinic]

Flexible endoscopic Zenkers diverticulotomy with a novel bipolar forceps: a pilot study and comparison with needle knife dissection. Surg Endosc. 2011 Oct;25(10):3273-8. doi: 10.1007/s00464-011-1704-3. Epub 2011 May 2. [Portland, OR]

Flexible endoscopic management of Zenker diverticulum: the Mayo Clinic experience. Mayo Clin Proc. 2010 Aug;85(8):719-22. doi: 10.4065/mcp.2009.0663. [Mayo Clinic]

Flexible endoscopic clip-assisted Zenker's diverticulotomy: the first case series (with videos). Laryngoscope. 2008 Jul;118(7):1199-205. doi: 10.1097/MLG.0b013e31816e2eee. [Dallas, TX]

Fiberoptic endoscopic-assisted diverticulotomy: a novel technique for the management of Zenker's diverticulum. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2005 May;114(5):347-51. [New York City]

Facial Transplant Video




Surgeons at NYU performed a complex full facial transplant in Aug 14, 2015 that took 26 hours and  involved over 100 people. This video demonstrates how they did it! Pretty amazing!

Source:
This incredible animation shows how surgeons pulled off the most complex facial transplant ever. TechInsider 11/16/15



Dr. Chang Quoted in Cosmopolitan Article


Cosmo Article Dec 2015
Dr. Chang was quoted in a Cosmopolitan article dated Dec 26, 2015 called '4 Hangover Hacks You Need to Feel Like a Human Again.' Dr. Chang was specifically quoted in a section of the article called 'The Throat Hangover' mainly regarding what to do with a hoarse voice after shouting over loud music all night.

Read the article here!

Germs Are Winning the Antibiotics Arms Race


When human scientists develop a new antibiotic to kill a germ... how long do you think it takes before germs develop a resistance to the antibiotic? 10 years? 20 years?

If only that was true... In reality, it's only a few years now (typically less than three years).

Check out this table made by the CDC that shows when an antibiotic was created by humans on one side and when germs develop a resistance on the other side.


Some interesting things to note from the table:

- Penicillin was discovered in 1928 by Alexander Fleming. Resistance developed in 1940 before it was even made available for human use in 1943.
- In the beginning, antibiotics lasted quite awhile before resistance developed. But since the 1990s, resistance to new antibiotics developed rapidly, sometimes within months of introduction.

The fact that antibiotics are now only good for a few years (if even that) has profound implications not only from a health perspective, but also from a financial aspect.

Think about it... It takes decades and almost a billion dollars for a company to create and bring any new drug to market including antibiotics. The overall return on investment for a company to create a new antibiotic is extremely low if not pathetic because:

1) The antibiotic is probably only going to be 'good' for a few years before it provides limited benefit (so they won't be able to sell very many)
2) Antibiotics are not that expensive compared to more lucrative drugs like cancer treatments where people are willing to pay thousands of dollars to prolong life only a few months
3) Antibiotics are taken only for a short period of time (limits how many companies can sell)

So if a drug company had a choice of what type of drug to focus on which would make them the most money, it would be one that:

1) A patient would have to take everyday for years (like diabetes, hypertension, cholesterol, etc)
2) They can charge a lot for one pill (like chemotherapy drugs)
3) Drug has a long lifespan for what it is being used for (unlike antibiotics which now don't seem to last even one year)

All this depressing news only serves to illustrate that antibiotics should be used sparingly and carefully because it is inevitable that germs will eventually become resistant to all antibiotics known to man and also because companies are not developing any new ones as they basically lose money in this endeavor.

Sources:
New Antibiotic Development: Barriers and Opportunities in 2012. APUA Newsletter 30(1). 2012.

Antibiotic Resistance Threats. CDC 2013

Time Lapse Video of an Ear Infection with Ear Drainage




This is a nifty time-lapse video animation depicting a complicated ear infection as it goes from being normal to becoming infected to the point that the eardrum ruptures with resulting drainage. Eventually, the ear infection resolves with a temporary period of hearing loss as well as a clogged/muffled ear sensation.

You can also watch a time-lapse video of a simple ear infection WITHOUT rupture/drainage.







Where Does Tinnitus Come From? Ear or Brain?


It is invariable that when a patient comes to an ENT office complaining of tinnitus or ringing of the ears that only they can hear, that they feel this problem stems from purely an inner ear problem. However, the truth is WAY more complicated in that this phantom ringing actually comes more from the brain rather than the ear and as such, treatment (if any possible) is geared more towards the brain rather than the ear.

The analogy I often use to explain this phenomenon is phantom limb pain... For example, when a person gets their leg cut off for one reason or another, it is not unusual for that patient to experience phantom limb pain... i.e., suffer an itch of a foot they no longer have.

The implication being that phantom limb pain is not a problem of the missing leg itself... but rather the brain that still thinks you have a leg... as well as an itch on the foot you no longer have.

Similarly, tinnitus is when the brain thinks you are hearing a sound that doesn't exist in reality. Think of it as phantom limb 'noise'.


To further prove that tinnitus is actually more a brain problem than an ear problem... studies have been performed to see if the tinnitus persists even when the inner ear or hearing nerve is surgically destroyed or removed (due to tumor, disease, etc). After all, if the tinnitus truly is an ear problem, than removing the inner ear or hearing nerve should resolve the tinnitus, right? But that's not what happens.

In a 1981 published article, the researchers reported that when the hearing nerve itself was removed in 414 patients, only 40% reported improvement in their tinnitus. Of 68 patients whose hearing nerve was cut, improvement in tinnitus occurred in 45%, while 55% reported the condition to be the same or worse. In patients undergoing middle cranial fossa section of the vestibular nerve for vertigo or dizziness, most reported the tinnitus to be the same but a significant number felt that it was worse.

A literature search performed in 2002 identified 18 papers mentioning tinnitus status after vestibular nerve section, describing the experiences of a total of 1318 patients. They found that tinnitus worsened after surgery in about 16.4% (standard deviation 14.0). Tinnitus remained unchanged in 17% to 72% (mean 38.5%, standard deviation 15.6), and tinnitus improved in 6% to 61% (mean 37.2%, standard deviation 15.2).

Clearly, the ear is not the sole culprit when it comes to chronic tinnitus. Though the ear may have played a role in the initiation, the brain potentially plays a much more dominant role in tinnitus persistence.


References:
Tinnitus: surgical treatment. Ciba Found Symp. 1981;85:204-16.

The effect of vestibular nerve section upon tinnitus. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci. 2002 Aug;27(4):219-26.

Dr. Chang Quoted in SELF Magazine Article



SELF Magazine published a story about earwax which liberally quoted Dr. Chris Chang. The article was published on Jan 23, 2016 and was titled 'Here’s What You Really Need To Know About Cleaning Your Ears With Q-Tips' and written by journalist Amanda Schupak.

Click for more information about earwax.

Source:
Here’s What You Really Need To Know About Cleaning Your Ears With Q-Tips. SELF 1/23/16.



New Video on What Causes Ear Clogging from Ear Infection or Eustachian Tube Dysfunction




A new video has been uploaded to YouTube that explains the mystery behind ear clogging and why ear popping helps. Also explained is why it may become difficult if not impossible to pop a clogged ear, especially after an ear infection as well as how this situation can be corrected.

Ear conditions demonstrated in this video include:
Eustachian Tube Dysfunction
Ear Infection
Ear Tube Placement




How to Dry the Ears if Water Gets In


A common question we get asked is what is the best way to dry out the ear if any water gets in?

I typically suggest using a pain old hairdryer to dry out any water that may be in the ears.  However, there are also commercial ear dryers for purchase including a manual air pump for the ear canal called Dryears. Also available is an electric ear dryer called EarDryer which also works quite well.

Another common remedy is to put a few drops of rubbing alcohol (isopropyl alcohol) into the ear canals after swimming. The alcohol makes it MUCH easier for the water to evaporate. An additional benefit is that the alcohol also kills any bacteria that may be present that may cause Swimmer's Ear (infection of the ear canal skin). The alcohol is also the main ingredient found in commercial preparations of Swimmer's Ear Drops. Of course, this product can only be used if there is no hole in the eardrum nor any ear tubes in place, otherwise it will hurt like heck!

Of course, one can also wear ear plugs, headbands, or swim caps to help prevent water from getting into the ear canals in the first place.

All products can be purchased on Amazon.





Oral HPV Spit Test Now Offered at Fauquier ENT!


Image courtesy of stockimages at FreeDigitalPhotos.net
Given the increasing concern for HPV triggered oral and throat cancer, patients have been requesting a way to check for HPV in the mouth, especially in those who are sexually active. Beyond a visual inspection using a tongue blade and an endoscope, our office now offers a spit test to evaluate for the presence of HPV by looking for its DNA shed into the saliva.

The typical patient, man or woman, who may benefit from this test include:

• Spouses or significant others of patients who have known oral HPV (worried about 'catching' it from their partner thru kissing or oral sex). More info on this.
• Monitor patients with known oral HPV for clearance after treatment
• Patients with traditional risk factors for oral cancer
• Patients with suspicious oral lesions

This oral HPV spit test focuses on those common HPV infections known to more frequently progress to cellular changes causing papillomas and even cancer. The test is based on a similar test that is FDA approved for samples from the anogenital tract.


There are two types of oral HPV testing that we offer:

HPV Complete Panel which checks for 51 different HPV strains: 2a, 6, 11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 64, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, and 89

HPV High Risk Panel which only checks for HPV known to potentially cause cancer: 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, and 68

Generally speaking, we only recommend the HPV High Risk Panel as most other strains of HPV can be naturally and automatically cleared by the body's immune system without treatment, risk, or symptoms.

The test is performed as follows in our office and takes about one minute to complete:

Step 1: Patient swishes and gargles a saline solution for 30 seconds
Step 2: Patient spits the solution into a funneled collection tube
Step 3: Funnel is removed and cap is secured to top of collection tube
Step 4: Sample is labeled with patient name and date of birth and mailed to a laboratory
Step 5: Results received in about one week

This test MAY be covered by insurance (CPT 87624). However, coverage depends on your specific plan and if not covered by your insurance, will be a self-pay cost.


Keep in mind that this test, if positive, still does not tell us WHERE the HPV infection is located... tonsil? tongue? pharynx? palate?

A good visual examination is still required... and if any suspicious lesions are found, surgical biopsy is THE definitive way to test for cancer and check for HPV.

Of note, there are currently 3 FDA approved HPV vaccines:

• The bivalent HPV vaccine (Cervarix) which addresses HPV 16 and 18;
• The quadrivalent HPV vaccine (Gardasil) which prevents four HPV types: HPV 16 and 18, as well as HPV 6 and 11;
• And finally Gardasil 9 which prevents 9 HPV types: 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58.

How Fast Should an Emergency Tracheostomy Take?


Image courtesy of digitalart at FreeDigitalPhotos.net
When faced with an emergency airway situation, a surgical airway may be required in order to save a person's life. Such surgical airways include emergency tracheostomy or cricothyroidotomy.

The main question here is how quickly should such a procedure take in order for it to be considered a success? Clearly, it should take less than 4 minutes given that is how long a brain can survive without oxygen before permanent damage sets in.

According to the literature, the range of what is considered 'acceptable' duration of time to perform an emergency surgical airway ranges from 40 to 180 seconds. Most consider shooting for a goal of 90 seconds to be a reasonable compromise of how long an emergency surgical airway should take to perform.

Of course, success is defined not only on how quickly it can be performed, but also performed without complications which principally includes inserting the breathing tube somewhere other than the windpipe. Other complications include cutting into the esophagus or perforating the carotid artery.


Reference:
Emergency cricothyroidotomy: a randomized crossover trial comparing the wire-guided and catheter-over-needle techniques. Anaesthesia. 2004 Oct;59(10):1008-11.

A comparison of four techniques of emergency transcricoid oxygenation in a manikin. Anesth Analg. 2010 Apr 1;110(4):1083-5

Emergency cricothyroidotomy: A randomized crossover trial comparing percutaneous techniques: Classic Needle First versus Incision First. Acad Emerg Med. 2012 Sep;19(9):E1061-7.

Emergency cricothyroidotomy - a systematic review. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2013 May 31;21:43.





New Video on Sinusitis and Sinus Surgery Explained (Balloon Sinuplasty and Endoscopic Sinus Surgery)




new video has been uploaded to YouTube that explains how sinus infections occur as well as how sinus surgery helps with this condition via balloon sinuplasty or traditional endoscopic sinus surgery.

Sinus topics demonstrated in this video include:
• Chronic Sinusitis
• Endoscopic Sinus Surgery
• Balloon Sinuplasty





Rhinocort Steroid Nasal Spray Now OTC


Rhinocort has joined Nasacort and Flonase in going over-the-counter and is now available for purchase in pretty much any pharmacy as well as Amazon.

Rhinocort is the only steroid nasal spray that is Class B for pregnancy (all other nasal sprays are Class C).

Beyond steroid nasal sprays, over the past decade, a bunch of allergy medications that used to be prescriptions have gone over-the-counter including Allegra, Zyrtec, Claritin, etc.



3D Printed Masks to Protect Athletes with Nose or Facial Fractures


Mask and Image Made by Technology in Motion
Over the past few years, the medical 3D printing technology has exploded with researchers being able to print a new ear, trachea, and even the skull to implant into patients. However, a more common application of medical 3D printing technology is to create custom, form-fitting facial protection masks for athletes who have suffered from facial and/or nasal fractures. With such protection, an athlete could potentially resume play within weeks rather than being out for the rest of the season.

Of course, generic nasal fracture masks have been around for over a decade and can be purchased on Amazon, but for facial and or jaw fractures, custom masks are required given there are too many variables for a viable generic mask because the fracture could be located anywhere affecting where the pressure points and protection needs to be located.

Unfortunately, custom facial protection masks for athletic use is not typically covered by insurance and can be quite expensive. Here are a few companies who offer custom facial protection masks for athletic use:

Cavendish Imaging
Technology In Motion

If there are others, please comment below so they can be added!

However, handmade (rather than 3D printed) masks can also be made by any local experienced and certified prosthetist/orthotist.

You can find a prosthetist/orthotist using a directory maintained by the American Board for Certification in Orthotics, Prosthetics, & Pedorthotics.



ENT House Visits? ENT Telemedicine?


Image from Van-cafe.com
The year 2016 may be the tipping point where telemedicine and doctors making house calls may become a mainstream phenomenon. Certainly, in the areas of primary and urgent care, such services have been around for several years. More recently, specialty care in the fields of neurology, rheumatology, infectious diseases, etc have especially pervaded  small community hospitals where such services may be absent.

Some doctor house visit services include Heal in Los Angeles, Pager in New York City, and Mend in Dallas.

Telemedicine services are located nationally hosted by private companies as well as many tertiary care centers.

However, telemedicine and house calls have yet to make significant ingress in the surgical fields which include ENT.

When it comes to ENT, much of what we do is very similar to what a primary care doctor can already do... look in the ears, nose, and throat. However, what differentiates ENT from primary care are the procedural interventions that can be performed to try and figure out what may be ailing a patient not responding to the usual treatment. Indeed, the majority of patients seen in the ENT clinic undergo some type of procedural evaluation or treatment beyond what a primary care doctor is able to do.

Very common ENT procedures include:

1) Endoscopy - performed to evaluate hoarse voice, nasal obstruction, oral masses, etc.
2) Binocular ear microscopy - used to evaluate ear foreign bodies, eardrum perforations, earwax removal, etc.
3) Audiograms - test performed to evaluate pretty much any type of ear symptom including tinnitus, hearing loss, ear clogging, etc.
4) Scheduling and performing surgical procedures

Indeed, a home visit may require a van full of equipment to support what an ENT may need to do, as well as to clean/sterilize the equipment after being used. 

The very need for equipment and procedural interventions are factors that also inhibit telemedicine from being adopted by the ENT world. 

That said, I am sure there are very smart people who are trying to figure out how to allow technology to overcome these limitations. At this time, the only thing that may be reasonably possible is a 2nd opinion chart review.  Cleveland Clinic and Johns Hopkins offers such chart review ENT services.




Dr. Chang Panel Speaker at Annual AAO-HNS Board of Governors Meeting


2016 AAO-HNS BOG Meeting
Dr. Chang was an invited panel speaker for two talks during the 2016 AAO-HNS Board of Governors meeting that is held annually in Alexandria, VA on March 20, 2016. This would be the 2nd time he was invited to be a panel speaker in this national meeting.

The two talks Dr. Chang was honored to participate in as a panel speaker included:

Marketing Your Practice in 2016: Internet, Social Media, and PR which was sponsored by the Young Physicians Section. This talk was moderated by Cristina Baldassari, MD who is an Assistant Professor of pediatric otolaryngology at CHKD.  The other panel speakers included:

Karin S. Hotchkiss, MD - Pediatric otolaryngologist at Tampa Children's Hospital
Spencer C. Payne, MD - Associate Professor of Rhinology at University of Virginia
Angela Strum, MD - Houston area facial plastic surgeon


How to Manage Online Reviews which was sponsored by BOG Socioeconomic & Grassroots (SEGR) Committee. This talk was moderated by C.W. David Chang, MD who is an Associate Professor of otolaryngology at University of Missouri. The other panel speakers included:

Lee D. Eisenberg, MD, MPH - Associate Clinical Professor of Otolaryngology at Columbia University and at The University of Medicine and Dentistry.
Daniel L. Wohl, MD - Pediatric ENT in Jacksonville, Florida

Student Shadowing in the Medical Office Going Extinct


Image courtesy of imagerymajestic
at FreeDigitalPhotos.net
Back when I was a high school and college student, shadowing a doctor in the medical office was common and fairly easy to accomplish. Make a few phone calls and set a few days and than you just showed up to get a glimpse into the world of medicine.

Fast forward to the present...

Over the years as a practicing doctor, I routinely get student requests to shadow me in my practice, though such requests mainly come by email rather than phone calls as I did it back in the day. Unfortunately, I have recently come to now refuse student shadowing and not for the reasons most lay public may suspect:

• Student shadowing takes up time... true, but not the main reason
• Student shadowing interferes with office workflow... true, but not the main reason
• Student shadowing results in medical mistakes... nope

The main reason student shadowing is so rare now is because of medico-legal liability stemming from HIPAA. And it's not just me... many physician practices have closed their doors to student shadowing due to HIPAA concerns as well.

HIPAA in a nutshell is a federal law passed in 1996 that prohibits doctors from sharing any private health information with anybody else without explicit permission from the patient. HIPAA penalties are based on the level of negligence and can range from $100 to $50,000 per violation (or per record), with a maximum penalty of $1.5 million per year.


In other words, if a student shadowing a doctor shares information seen in a doctor's office with peers, friends, family or worst case scenario, publicly on social media, the doctor and his office can suffer huge financial penalties, even if the shared information was not done with mischief in mind.

Which is really a shame... but most doctors including myself are not willing to put our careers/jobs in jeopardy for a student who we may not even know in the era of social media and sexting scandals.

When students are found in a medical office or hospital, it is done with legal protections in place, typically granted by the students' school so that any misdeeds committed by the student is borne by the student and the school and not the doctor or medical organization.



Putting Someone Else's Earwax Into the Ear - The Earwax Transplant!


There may be a certain 'ick' factor with the idea of putting earwax from one ear into another to treat chronic ear diseases, but certainly it's not as bad as stool transplants to treat chronic colitis conditions.

The idea of earwax and stool transplants comes out of the theory that certain chronic diseases are due to the absence of 'good' bacteria resulting in over-colonization of 'bad' bacteria. If true, the theory goes that health may be restored to a chronically diseased ear by transplanting earwax from healthy ears.

This technique of earwax transplants was first described by Lloyd Storrs, MD in 1981 and was used to successfully treat chronic seborrheic dermatitis of the ear canal. Others have successfully treated chronic and/or recurrent fungal ear infections and otitis externa infections with this technique as well.

Per Dr. Storrs...
'The collected cerumen (taken from a healthy ear) is suspended in 50% glycerine and left for several weeks to sterilize. It is then strained through a fine filter having been heated so that its is workable. The material is dispensed to the patient in a small dropper bottle and the patient is instructed to place two drops in the external ear canal once a week.' [link]
Although earwax can be taken from a complete stranger's ear... normally earwax that is transplanted is taken from the opposite (and hopefully healthy) ear in the same patient.

The other take-home message is that earwax is 'good' for you and should not be vigorously removed. A totally clean ear may actually lead to chronic ear conditions! Of course, too much of it is not good as well due to hearing loss issues.


References:
Management of the ear canal seborrhea with cerumen. Laryngoscope. 1981 Aug;91(8):1231-3.



Buccal Ties and Breastfeeding


Green arrow points to right buccal tie adjacent to where
canine is erupting. Note how the buccal tie is tethered
to the entire height of the gingiva.
Buccal ties are perhaps the least well-known and most uncommon condition among the tethered oral tissues that can affect infant breastfeeding. The other more common types being tongue ties and upper lip ties.

Buccal ties are abnormal mucosal tethers extending from the cheeks to the gingiva. This situation is in contrast to the upper lip ties which are mucosal tethers extending from the midline upper lip to the gingiva and tongues ties which extend from the midline tongue to the gingiva and floor of of mouth.

The vast majority of buccal ties are small without any medical significance and can be safely ignored.

However in very rare situations, buccal ties can be quite severe and impede good latch with breastfeeding. Furthermore when smiling, severe buccal ties can cause discomfort as the cheek lifts and pulls away from the gingiva. Later in life as dentition appears, it may cause food entrapment leading to risk of gingivitis and cavities.


Fortunately, buccal tie releases are straightforward to perform and similar to the way tongue tie and upper lip tie releases are performed. Scissors, electrocautery, or laser can be used to perform the actual release with pros/cons to each method which may depend on the practitioner (our clinic utilizes all these different methods).

Just as with upper lip ties, stretching exercises are required to prevent reattachment.

Green arrow points to right buccal tie and the blue arrow points
to an upper lip tie. There is an irritation granuloma developing
on the buccal tie.